Until 1 June 2005, the Dutch were regarded as reliably pro-European. The unexpected Dutch rejection of the EU Constitutional Treaty in a (consultative) popular referendum on that date is generally considered as an expression of a new, negative Dutch attitude towards further Europeanisation. Was the Dutch attitude from 2005 onward really a new attitude or had it been held for a longer time unrecognized? Some Dutch populist and Eurosceptic political parties argue the latter and even concluded retroactively that the Netherlands had in fact always been an Eurosceptic country. This project examines that claim.